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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023
INTRODUCTION
Significance
● It recognizes outstanding achievements and contributions to the field of chemistry, honoring individuals or groups who have made significant advancements in chemical research and discoveries.
History
The Nobel Prize is a set of prestigious international awards bestowed annually in several categories, including Chemistry. It was established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventor of dynamite. Nobel’s will, signed in 1895, specified that the prizes should be awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to humanity in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
Criteria
●The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to individuals or groups who have made remarkable contributions to the field of chemistry. The achievements can be in the form of scientific discoveries, inventions, or advancements in chemical research that have had a significant impact on the field and society as a whole.
Notable Laureates
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has recognized numerous groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in the field. Some notable laureates include:
Marie Curie (1911)
● was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 for her discovery of the radioactive elements polonium and radium.
Linus Pauling (1954)
Linus Pauling received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 for his research on the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins (1962)
Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962 for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, specifically the discovery of the structure of DNA.
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings (1988)
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988 for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
Chemistry Nobel Prize Categories
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the field of chemistry.
The prize is divided into several categories, each recognizing a specific area of achievement.
Organic Chemistry
Recognizes contributions to the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds.
Robert Burns Woodward (1965), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), K. Barry Sharpless (2001)
Inorganic Chemistry
Recognizes contributions to the study of the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds and materials.
Linus Pauling (1954), Frederick Sanger (1958, 1980), Richard R. Schrock (2005)
Physical Chemistry
Recognizes contributions to the study of the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems.
Irving Langmuir (1932), Ahmed Zewail (1999), Frances H. Arnold (2018)
Analytical Chemistry
Recognizes contributions to the development of analytical methods and techniques used in chemical research.
Fritz Pregl (1923), Carl Bosch (1931), Jean-Pierre Sauvage (2016)
Biochemistry
Recognizes contributions to the study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.
Frederick Sanger (1958, 1980), Paul L. Modrich (2015), Jennifer A. Doudna (2020)
Chemical Engineering
Recognizes contributions to the development and application of chemical engineering principles in industrial processes.
George A. Olah (1994), Frances H. Arnold (2018), Emmanuelle Charpentier (2020)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023
●Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Aleksey Yekimov are awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 for the discovery and development of quantum dots.
●These tiny particles have unique properties and now spread their light from television screens and LED lamps.
● They catalyse chemical reactions and their clear light can illuminate tumour tissue for a surgeon.
A quantum dot is a crystal that often consists of just a few thousand atoms. In terms of size, it has the same relationship to a football as a football has to the size of the Earth.
Thanks to the work of the laureates, humanity is now able to utilize some of the peculiar properties of the nanoworld. Quantum dots are now found in commercial products and used across many scientific disciplines, from physics and chemistry to medicine.
●Quantum dots have given us new opportunities for creating colored light, They added colour to nanotechnology
Size matters on the nanoscale:
Quantum effects arise when particles shrink, when particles are just a few nanometers in diameter. The space available to electrons shrink. This affects the particle’s optical properties.
Researchers have primarily utilized quantum dots to create colored light. If quantum dots are illuminated with blue light, they absorb the light and emit a different colour. Modifying the size of the particles makes it possible to determine exactly what colour they should glow.
In the nanoworld, things really do behave differently. Once the size of matter starts to be measured in millionths of a millimeter, strange phenomena start to occur – quantum effects – that challenge our intuition. The 2023 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have all been pioneers in the exploration of the nanoworld.
Quantum dots are thus bringing the greatest benefit to humankind, and we have just begun to explore their potential. Researchers believe that in the future quantum dots can contribute to flexible electronics, miniscule sensors, slimmer solar cells and perhaps encrypted quantum communication.
One thing is certain – there is a lot left to learn about amazing quantum phenomena.
So if there’s a 12-year-old Dorothy out there looking for adventure, the nanoworld has a great deal to offer.
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